Using Hyphens

Beginning Spanish students, at least those who speak English as a first language, have a tendency to overuse hyphens. Hyphens (known as guiones) are used much less in Spanish than they are in English. They are used infrequently in the written form of everyday speech, finding use most often in journalese and in writing of a less casual nature.

The primary time hyphens are used in Spanish is to combine two adjectives or two nouns of equal status to form a compound word. This should be made clear by the following examples:

• Es un curso teórico-práctico. (It is a course that's theoretical and practical.)
• relaciones sino-estadounidenses (Chinese-U.S. relations)
• el vuelo Madrid-Paris (the Madrid-to-Paris flight)
• literatura hispano-árabe (Spanish-Arabic literature)
• Propone que los tres principios socio-politicos sean incluidos en la constitución. (He proposes that the three socio-political principles be included in the constitution.)
• Los pétalos son blanco-verdosos. (The petals are greenish-white.)

Note, as in some of the above examples, that the second adjective in compound adjectives formed in this way agree in number and gender with the noun being described, but the first adjective typically remains in the singular masculine form.

Hyphens can also be used to join two dates, as in English: la guerra de 1808-1814 (the war of 1808-1814).

Here are some examples of cases where hyphens are not used in Spanish where they are used (or can be, depending on the writer) in English:

• Numbers: veintiuno (twenty-one), veintiocho (twenty-eight)
• Words formed with prefixes: antifascista (anti-fascist), antisemitismo (anti-Semitism), precocinar (pre-cook), cuasilegal (quasi-legal)
• Words or phrases formed by two words that don't have the same status: hispanohablante (Spanish-speaking), bienintencionado (well-meaning), self-respect (amor propio)

Finally, it is common in English to combine two words and hyphenate them to form a compound modifier, especially when preceding a noun. Usually, such words are translated as a phrase or single word in Spanish or aren't translated word for word. Examples:

• well-informed citizenry (ciuidadanía bien informada)
• sub-zero temperatures (temperaturas bajo cero)
• good-natured person (persona bondadosa)
• man-eating tiger (tigre que come hombres)
• high-intelligence individuals (individuos de alta inteligencia)